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Indeed, the smallest application area of a gel is associated with optimal estradiol absorption and bioavailability. Mylan strives to design, develop and manufacture high quality, innovative transdermal drug-delivery patches that deliver medication through the skin. Extruded films and adhesive laminates for use in third-party medical device and other applications are available. Patch Over Pill The GoodRx Prescription Savings Blog The latest updates on prescription drugs and ways to save from the GoodRx. Estrogen patches have a short half-life so levels of estradiol return to normal within 4 to 8 hours of patch removal. Climara bioidentical Climara reviews Climara medication Climara weight gain Climara transdermal patch Climara rewards. Bioidentical Hormones: Dr. Lee's Three Rules for BHRT Use a sprinkle of common sense and a dash of logic. The world’s smallest estrogen therapy patch to reduce moderate to severe hot flashes and night sweats due to menopause and to help prevent. Discreet design About the size of a dime, Minivelle DOSAGEThe dose of danazol will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of danazol. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so. The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine. For oral dosage form (capsules): For treatment of mild endometriosis: Adults—At first, 2. Your doctor may adjust your dose as needed and tolerated. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For treatment of moderate to severe endometriosis: Adults—At first, 8. Your doctor may adjust your dose as needed and tolerated. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For treatment of fibrocystic breast disease: Adults—1. Your doctor may adjust your dose as needed and tolerated. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. Provides Effective Relief from Hot Flashes and Night Sweats Due to Menopause-- Noven Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the manufacturer of Vivelle-Dot ![]() For prevention of hereditary angioedema: Adults—At first, 2. Your doctor may adjust your dose as needed and depending upon your condition. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. STORAGEStore the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Open Letter to Oprah about Bioidentical Hormones Yes, Bioidentical Hormones are Safe and Effective. But progesterone doesn’t come in a patch, which means that, without a compounding pharmacy, Dr. Streicher can only offer her patients progesterone.Keep from freezing. Keep out of the reach of children. Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed. SAFETY INFORMATIONIt is very important that your doctor check your progress at regular visits to make sure that danazol does not cause unwanted effects. Blood tests may be needed to check for unwanted effects. Using danazol while you are pregnant can harm your unborn baby. If you are a woman who can bear children, your doctor may give you a pregnancy test before you start using danazol to make sure you are not pregnant. Your birth control pills may not work as well while you are using danazol. You must use an effective form of birth control (e. If you think you have become pregnant while using the medicine, tell your doctor right away. Using danazol may cause irregular monthly periods or absence of menstrual period. If your regular monthly period does not begin within 6. Check with your doctor right away if you are a female and have a larger clitoris (sexual organ), deepening of your voice, or unusual hair growth after taking danazol. Your doctor may advise you to stop taking the medicine so these side effects do not get worse. ![]() Stop using danazol and check with your doctor if you have the following symptoms while taking danazol: blurred vision; change in the ability to see colors, especially blue or yellow; headache; nausea; or vomiting. For patients with diabetes: danazol may affect blood sugar levels. If you notice a change in the results of your blood or urine sugar tests, check with your doctor. Before you have any medical tests, tell the medical doctor in charge that you are taking danazol. The results of some tests may be affected by danazol. Danazol may rarely cause your skin to be more sensitive to sunlight than it is normally. Exposure to sunlight, even for brief periods of time, may cause a skin rash, itching, redness, or other discoloration of the skin, or a severe sunburn. Check with your doctor if this occurs. Do not take other medicines unless they have been discussed with your doctor. SIDE EFFECTSAndrogen like effects include weight gain, acne and seborrhea. Mild hirsutism, edema, hair loss, voice change, which may take the form of hoarseness, sore throat or of instability or deepening of pitch, may occur and may persist after cessation of therapy. Hypertrophy of the clitoris is rare. Other possible endocrine effects include menstrual disturbances in the form of spotting, alteration of the timing of the cycle and amenorrhea. Although cyclical bleeding and ovulation usually return within 6. Danazol, persistent amenorrhea has occasionally been reported. Flushing, sweating, vaginal dryness and irritation and reduction in breast size, may reflect lowering of estrogen. Nervousness and emotional lability have been reported. In the male a modest reduction in spermatogenesis may be evident during treatment. Abnormalities in semen volume, viscosity, sperm count, and motility may occur in patients receiving long- term therapy. Hepatic dysfunction, as evidenced by reversible elevated serum enzymes and/or jaundice, has been reported in patients receiving a daily dosage of Danazol of 4. It is recommended that patients receiving Danazol be monitored for hepatic dysfunction by laboratory tests and clinical observation. Serious hepatic toxicity including cholestatic jaundice, peliosis hepatis, and hepatic adenoma have been reported. New Military Retirement Plan Information - New. Military. Retirement. The following information relates to the modernization of the current Military retirement system. Current Retirement Plan: New Military Retirement Plan: Modernizing the Military Retirement System: Information from a briefing by the Defense Business Board July 2. AAFMAA offers retiree life insurance and other great military retirement benefits. Protect what matters most! Learn more and talk to the experts at AAFMAA today. Military Retirement: Background and Recent Developments Kristy N. Kamarck Analyst in Military Manpower April 6, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34751. Military Retired Pay Overview. There are many financial considerations when planning for retirement. The military (active duty) retirement system is arguably the best retirement deal around. Unlike most retirement plans. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016, which authorized an overhaul of the retirement system, is a big deal the military retirement program has largely remained unchanged much since World War II. There are four types of retirement --regular, reserve, temporary disability and permanent disability -- and entitlements, such as CRDP and CRSC, might accompany retirement pay. ![]() ![]() Fiber Optic Patch Cables, ST- ST, SC- SC (5. Our products are high quality and the prices are very competitive. If you are a dealer/reseller, installer or a corporate end- user. Our team in the US facility will help you choose the right products for your applications. Please check below some of the characteristics of our fiber optic patch cables. Fibre optic cables provide higher speeds and. ST Fiber Optic Male to 2 x ST Fibre Optic Male Compatible with all standard fibre optic equipment. ![]() ![]() Full duplex 5. 0/1. Fibre optic cables provide higher speeds and increased bandwidth, compared to conventional twisted- pair copper cable. SC Fibre Optic Male to 2 x SC Fibre Optic Male Compatible with all standard fibre optic equipment and connectors Full duplex 5. Fibre optic cables provide higher speeds and. Compatible with all standard fibre optic equipment and connectors Full duplex 6. Copper Networks - A Comparison of Features and Costs. LANs (local area networks) use fiber optics primarily in the backbone but increasingly to the desk. ![]() Armored Fiber Patch Cables; Multi Fiber Cable Assemblies; Simplex Fiber Cables; MINI LC Connector Patch Cables (5.25mm Pitch Type). Alternatively use the links below to jump to the various Fiber Optic Patch Cable categories. Fiber Optic Cable Products supplies Patch panels, cables, splice on pigtails, MTP cassette holdes, LGX adapter plates. Product Features Cable Type: Fiber Optic Packaged Quantity: 1 Product Type: Network Cable. The LAN. backbone often needs longer distance than copper cable (Cat 5/5e/6) can provide and of course, the fiber. Most large corporate LANs use fiber backbones with copper wire to the desktop. Fiber to the desk can be cost effective if properly designed. Lots of other networks use fiber. CCTV is often on fiber for it's distance capability. Industrial plants use lots. Utilities use it for network management, liking its immunity to noise. ![]() The military uses it because it's hard to tap or jam. Airplanes use it for that reason too, but also like the lighter weight of fiber. Designing Cable Networks. I guess this is too big a topic for an overview! But we'll pass along some hints to make life easier. Our fiber patch cables are. This duplex fiber optic patch cable is. 9/125 OS2 Duplex Cables These high speed single-mode 9/125um duplex fiber optic patch cables are terminated with LC fiber optic connectors on both ends. FS.COM provides a premium selection of custom fiber optic patch cables in Multimode, Single-mode, Armored, MCP, Multi-Core and MTP/MPO solution. RoHS compliant, 100% optically tested, length is optional! What are Fiber Optic Patch Cables Fiber optic patch cable, often called fiber optic patch cord or fiber jumper cable, is a fiber optic cable terminated with fib. ![]() First and. foremost, visit the work site and check it out thoroughly. Don't cut corners which may affect performance or reliability. Consider what are. There is no substitute for common sense here! Fiber's extra distance capability makes it possible to do things not possible with copper wire. For example. you can install all the electronics for a network in one communications closet for a building and run straight. With copper, you can only go about 9. With fiber, you only need passive patch panels locally to allow for moves. Upgrades are easy, since the fiber is only loafing at today's network speed! Is Copper Really Cheaper Than Fiber? When it comes to costs, fiber optics is always assumed to be much more expensive than copper cabling. Cat 6) it gets more expensive, almost as much as fiber. So isn't it obvious that fiber. There is more to consider in making the decision. Why Use Fiber? If fiber is more expensive, why have all the telephone networks been converted to fiber? And why are all the. CATV systems converting to fiber too? Are their networks that different? Is there something they know we don't? Telcos use fiber to connect all their central offices and long distance switches because it has thousands of. The CATV companies use fiber because it give them greater reliability and the opportunity to offer new services, like phone service and Internet connections. Both Telco companies and CATV operators use fiber for economic reasons, but their cost justification. A properly designed premises cabling network can also be less expensive when done in fiber instead of copper. There are. several good examples of fiber being less expensive, so lets examine them. Industrial Networks. In an industrial environment, electromagnetic interference (EMI) is often a big problem. Motors, relays, welders and other industrial equipment generate a tremendous amount of electrical noise that can cause. Cat 5. In order to run copper cable in. With fiber optics, you have complete immunity to EMI. You only need to choose a cable type that is rugged. The. fiber optic cable can be installed easily from point to point, passing right next to major sources of EMI with. Conversion from copper networks is easy with media converters, gadgets that convert most types. Even with the cost of the media converters, the fiber optic network will be less than copper run in conduit. Long Cable Runs. Most networks are designed around structured cabling installed per EIA/TIA 5. This standard. calls for 9. UTP) cable and 1. But suppose you need to connect two buildings or more? The distance often. By the time you buy special aerial or underground waterproof copper cable and repeaters, you will usually spend more than if you bought some outside plant fiber optic cable and a couple of inexpensive media. It's guaranteed cheaper if you go more than two links (1. Centralized Fiber LANs. When most contractors and end users look at fiber optics versus Cat 5e cabling for a LAN, they compare. LAN with fiber directly replacing the copper links. The fiber optic cable is a bit more. Cat 5e and terminations are a little more too, but the big difference is the electronics which are $2. However, the real difference comes if you use a centralized fiber optic network - shown on the right of the. Since fiber does not have the 9. UTP cable, you can place all electronics in one location in or near the computer room. The telecom closet is only used for passive. UPS, ground or air conditioning is needed. These auxiliary services, necessary with Cat 5 hubs, cost a tremendous amount of money in each closet. In addition, having all the fiber optic hubs in one location means better utilization of the hardware, with fewer. Since ports in modular hubs must be added in modules of 8 or 1. With a centralized fiber system, you. High Speed Networking. It was over a year after Gigabit Ethernet (Gb. E) became available on fiber optics that it finally become. Cat 5e. It took another couple of years before Gb. E on copper became significantly less expensive. In order to get Gb. E to work over Cat 5e, the electronics must be very complicated, and. A newer version is in the wings, awaiting a Cat 6 standard, but that. Cat 5e will be obsolete before it even gets started! Finally, we went to a. Gb. E. Bottom Line. So when it comes to costs, looking at the cabling component costs may not be a good way to analyze total network costs. Consider the total system and you may find fiber looks a lot more attractive. Fiber Optic Termination Tutorial. Fiber Optic Termination Tutorial. We terminate fiber optic cable two ways - with connectors that can mate two fibers to create a temporary joint and/or connect the fiber to a piece of network gear or with splices which create a permanent joint between the two fibers. These terminations must be of the right style, installed in a manner that makes them have little light loss and protected against dirt or damage in use. No area of fiber optics has been given greater attention than termination. Manufacturers have come up with over 8. There are two types of splices and many ways of implementing the splice. Fortunately for me and you, only a few types are used most applications. Different connectors and splice termination procedures are used for singlemode and multimode connectors, so make sure you know what the fiber will be before you specify connectors or splices! Connectors. We'll start our section on termination by considering connectors. Since fiber optic technology was introduced in the late 7. Each new design was meant to offer better performance (less light loss and back reflection), easier and/or termination and lower cost. Of course, the marketplace determines which connectors are ultimately successful. Connector and Splice Loss Mechanisms Connector and splice loss is caused by a number of factors. Loss is minimized when the two fiber cores are identical and perfectly aligned, the connectors or splices are properly finished and no dirt is present. Only the light that is coupled into the receiving fiber's core will propagate, so all the rest of the light becomes the connector or splice loss. The emerging cone of light from the connector will spill over the core of the receiving fiber and be lost. In addition, the air gap between the fibers causes a reflection when the light encounters the change n refractive index from the glass fiber to the air in the gap. This reflection (called fresnel reflection) amounts to about 5% in typical flat polished connectors, and means that no connector with an air gap can have less than 0. B loss. This reflection is also referred to as back reflection or optical return loss, which can be a problem in laser based systems. Connectors use a number of polishing techniques to insure physical contact of the fiber ends to minimize back reflection. On mechanical splices, it is possible to reduce back reflection by using non- perpendicular cleaves, which cause back reflections to be absorbed in the cladding of the fiber. A rough surface will scatter light and dirt can scatter and absorb light. Since the optical fiber is so small, typical airborne dirt can be a major source of loss. Whenever connectors are not terminated, they should be covered to protect the end of the ferrule from dirt. One should never touch the end of the ferrule, since the oils on one's skin causes the fiber to attract dirt. Before connection and testing, it is advisable to clean connectors with lint- free wipes moistened with isopropyl alcohol. Differences in these two will create connections that have different losses depending on the direction of light propagation. Light from a fiber with a larger NA will be more sensitive to angularity and end gap, so transmission from a fiber of larger NA to one of smaller NA will be higher loss than the reverse. Likewise, light from a larger fiber will have high loss coupled to a fiber of smaller diameter, while one can couple a small diameter fiber to a large diameter fiber with minimal loss, since it is much less sensitive to end gap or lateral offset. The occasional need to interconnect two dissimilar fibers and production variances in fibers of the same nominal dimensions. With two multimode fibers in usage today and two others which have been used occasionally in the past and several types of singlemode fiber in use, it is possible to sometimes have to connect dissimilar fibers or use systems designed for one fiber on another. Some system manufacturers provide guidelines on using various fibers, some don't. If you connect a smaller fiber to a larger one, the coupling losses will be minimal, often only the fresnel loss (about 0. B). But connecting larger fibers to smaller ones results in substantial losses, not only due to the smaller cores size, but also the smaller NA of most small core fibers. Guide to Fiber Optic Connectors. Check out the . It has a bayonet mount and a long cylindrical ferrule to hold the fiber. Most ferrules are ceramic, but some are metal or plastic. And because they are spring- loaded, you have to make sure they are seated properly. If you have high loss, reconnect them to see if it makes a difference. FC/PC has been one of the most popular singlemode connectors for many years. It screws on firmly, but make sure you have the key aligned in the slot properly before tightening. It's being replaced by SCs and LCs. SC is a snap- in connector that is widely used in singlemode systems for it's excellent performance. It's a snap- in connector that latches with a simple push- pull motion. It is also available in a duplex configuration. Besides the SC Duplex, you may occasionally see the FDDI and ESCON* duplex connectors which mate to their specific networks. They are generally used to connect to the equipment from a wall outlet, but the rest of the network will have ST or SC connectors. Otherwise, it's a standard ceramic ferrule connector, easily terminated with any adhesive. Good performance, highly favored for singlemode. MT- RJ is a duplex connector with both fibers in a single polymer ferrule. It uses pins for alignment and has male and female versions. Multimode only, field terminated only by prepolished/splice method. Opti- Jack is a neat, rugged duplex connector cleverly designed aournd two ST- type ferrules in a package the size of a RJ- 4. It has male and female (plug and jack) versions. Volition is a slick, inexpensive duplex connector that uses no ferrule at all. It aligns fibers in a V- groove like a splice. Plug and jack versions, but field terminate jacks only. E2. 00. 0/LX- 5 is like a LC but with a shutter over the end of the fiber. MU looks a miniature SC with a 1. It's more popular in Japan. MT is a 1. 2 fiber connector for ribbon cable. It's main use is for preterminated cable assemblies. The ST/SC/FC/FDDI/ESON connectors have the same ferrule size - 2. This makes it convenient to test, since you can have a set of multimode reference test cables with ST connectors and adapt to all these connectors. Likewise, the LC, MU and E2. LX- 5 use the same ferrule but cross- mating adapters are not easy to find. Connector Types. The ST is still the most popular multimode connector because it is cheap and easy to install. The SC connector was specified as a standard by the old EIA/TIA 5. A specification, but its higher cost and difficulty of installation (until recently) has limited its popularity. However, newer SCs are much better in both cost and installation ease, so it has been growing in use. The duplex FDDI, ESCON and SC connectors are used for patchcords to equipment and can be mated to ST or SC connectors at wall outlets. Singlemode networks use FC or SC connectors in about the same proportion as ST and SC in multimode installations. There are some D4s out there too. This opened the way to the use of several new connectors, which we call the . The LC has been particularly successful in the US. Connector Ferrule Shapes & Polishes Fiber optic connectors can have several different ferrule shapes or finishes, usually referred to as polishes. Reducing the air gap reduced the loss and back reflection (very important to laser- based singlemode systems ), since light has a loss of about 5% (~0. B) at each air gap and light is reflected back up the fiber. While air gap connectors usually had losses of 0. B or more and return loss of 2. B, PC connectors had typical losses of 0. B and a return loss of 3. B. The convex ferrule guaranteed the fiber cores were in contact. Losses were under 0. B and return loss 4. B or better. The final solution for singlemode systems extremely sensitive to reflections, like CATV or high bitrate telco links, was to angle the end of the ferrule 8 degrees to create what we call an APC or angled PC connector. Then any reflected light is at an angle that is absorbed in the cladding of the fiber. Termination Procedures. Whatever you do, follow the manufacturer's termination instructions closely. Multimode connectors are usually installed in the field on the cables after pulling, while singlemode connectors are usually installed by splicing a factory- made . That is because the tolerances on singlemode terminations are much tighter and the polishing processes are more critical. You can install singlemode connectors in the field for low speed data networks, but you may not be able to get losses lower than 1 d. B! Cables can be pulled with connectors already on them if, and a big if, you can deal with these two problems: First, the length must be precise. Too short and you have to pull another longer one (its not cost effective to splice), too long and you waste money and have to store the extra cable length. Secondly, the connectors must be protected. Some cable and connector manufacturers offer protective sleeves to cover the connectors, but you must still be much more careful in pulling cables. You might consider terminating one end and pulling the unterminated end to not risk the connectors. There is a growing movement to install preterminated systems but with the MT 1. Manufactures sell multifiber cables with MTs on them that connect to preterminated patch panels with STs or SCs. Works well if you have a good designer and can live with the higher loss (~1 d. B) typical of these connectors. Multimode Terminations: Several different types of terminations are available for multimode fibers. Each version has its advantages and disadvantages, so learning more about how each works helps decide which one to use. |
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